The Southern Ocean in a warming world

Assessing the Southern Ocean in a warming world and its influence on New Zealand’s climate

The ocean stores and transports heat and can release that heat into the atmosphere. Changes in ocean heat dominate the global energy budget, accounting for 93 percent of global energy change since the 1970s.

Changes in Southern Ocean temperatures also influence weather systems reaching New Zealand, by altering the position of the southern hemisphere storm track and cyclone development. With so much energy involved, understanding how the Southern Ocean stores and transports heat is integral to understanding climate change in New Zealand.

Unfortunately, scientists historically haven’t had enough measurements from the Southern Ocean to accurately predict how it is changing. In our project, we’re used existing oceanographic data to identify the physical processes that will have the most impact on the NZ Earth System Model (NZESM).

This project developed modelling of ocean processes, including heat storage and transport, for inclusion in the NZESM, and tested the model to make sure it replicateed ocean behaviour accurately. This work contributes to ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the NZESM, both for our region as well as globally.